BIRD OF PARADISE

ANTECENDENT

BIRD Cenderawasih or so-called foreigner by the name of Bird of Paradise, representing typical bird of Papua. From 43 this beautiful bird species, 35 among other things can be found in Papua. The rest, have found difficult
Beautiful fur especially there are masculine cendrawasih. Generally fur very fair with the black combination, auburn, orange, yellow, white, blue, green, and purple. famous species Cendrawasih for example Paradisaea apoda, Minor Paradisaea, Cicinnurus Regius, and Seleucidis melanoleuca.



This bird usually live in close forest or lowland. He own the habit play at morning of sun moment start to look light in east horizon.
Masculine Cendrawasih hence its neck fur luring which is to draw the oposite gender. masculine dance Cendrawasih very make surprise. At the same time sing the above bough, this male wigling to various direction. Sometime oppositely;also hinge convergent inversed at bough. But, every species perhaps have the separate dance type Papua, animal in this area have the separate unique. Birds of parade represent one of bird type which is some its his erudite name mean ' from heaven', ' glorious', ' beautiful', and ' very good
thirty of type cendrawasih there are in Indonesia, 28 among other things found in Papua representing residence of cendrawasih paradigalla carunculata, long cendrawasih tail of astrapia nigra, cendrawasih paratia parotia sefilata, cendrawasih Wilson cicinnurus respublica, and red cendrawasih of paradiasea rubra
Bird getting that heaven bird epithet, ahead its population quite a lot in forest Papua, but because non-stoped to be hunted finally its population drastic downhill nowadays and have met difficult. Its cause for example, their place forest take cover and multiply to start to narrow along with progressively the increasing of deforestation
While cendrawasih king, bald cendrawasih, red cendrawasih, toowa, and small cendrawasih going with the tide yellow, have entered in list of animal type protected by pursuant to UU No 5 Year 1990 and PP RI No 7 Year 1999



HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION

Brownian of Sicklebills is mount species
Center the bird of paradise is in big island Papua; all except two genera found in Papua. Second which isn’t two genera monotypic Lycocorax and Semiptera, both endemic for the Moluccas in westside Papua. From riflebirds in gender Ptiloris of both endemic for the forest of coastal Australian east, one of happened in Australian and Papua, and which is the single found in Papua. Single gender own the species of outside Papua representing Manucodia, a proxy found northernmost Queensland. Species remained limited to Papua and some vinicity island. A lot of species own to span the glogabl very finite, especially a number of species with the habitat of type Demarcation like middle forest montana ( like Black mow) or endemy island ( like Wilson'S Bird-Of-Paradise ).



Mostly bird of paradise live in tropical forest, inclusive of tropical forest, marsh and moss forest. Some species have been noted in coastal area of mangrove forest. species most south, in heaven Toowa from Australian, live in the sub have - tropical climate to wet forest and. As a group, manucodes is most of plastic in their habitat conditions, specially is Manukodia dwell the forest and open the savannah forest. most Mid-mountain Habitat is often occupied by the habitat, with thirty from fourty species happened in band of altitudinal m 1000-2000



FOOD AND LIFE STYLE

The effect of gender Schefflera is important shares from diet from Ribbon-Tailed Astrapia.
Food Bird Of Paradise predominated by fruits and arthropoda. Ratio from two food type vary according to species, with the fruit predominate in a few species, and arthropoda predominate the others diet. Ratio from two will influence the aspect of is differ from species behavior, species of fruit eater for example tending to to feed in canopy forest, while insectivores supply can under. Frugivores more social than insectivores, what more soliter and teritorial.



Feeding Ecology
Though some species sometime take the nektar or slither the ( frog, salamander, etc) mostly species pakan especially arthropoda ( insect and spider) and fruits. In 42 detectable complete species diet from full almost fruit eater ( fruit eat the) Loria'S Bird of Paradise and Crested Cendrawasih larger ones from 80% Artropoda Diet from Buff-Tailed mow. Mostly species believed to eat the arthropoda of mixture and fruits, though during 16 species so a few/little knew about the diet which they pittance which can be told to hit their preference, from the rest, 20 most fruit eater and only 6 recognized feed preferentially arthropoda. Sicklebills most all insectivorous and own the tortous length downwards invoice which they use to dig to decay the insect go out from wood, or from back bark the. Bird gun, what insectivorous also almost trigger like in the effort them to dig to [release] the insect larva from dead wood.
In forest of lowland rain, Birds Cendrawasih usually look for food in forest height [among/between] 20 till 30 m above land. Them often seen mixture of flock bird also contain the Babblers and Drongos
Man of Greater Bird-Of-Paradise present.
Mostly species have the ritual marry complicated, with the type Paradisaea use the lek-type of marriage system. Other;Dissimilar, like Cicinnurus and Parotia species, have very ritualised dance marry the. Polygamous men in species of dimorfik sexual, but monogamy in at least some species monomorphic. Hibridisasi is often in this bird, indicating that polygamy of type of heaven bird very hand in glove its relation though in so many genera. A lot of hibrida have been described as by a new species, and still hesitate to hit whether/what some types, like Rothschild Lobe-Billed Cendrawasih,valid. [ Reference?] Though attendance hibrida, some Ornithologist hypothesise that at least some hibrida anticipated valid species which could have be totally disappeared.
Bird-Of-Paradise develop;build the den from soft material, lamellar, ferny, and sucker sucker, is usually placed fork tree. Clutch of size measure rather sure. In big species, almost always only one egg. smaller species can yield the clutch 2-3.Egg hatching after 16-22 day, and young leave the den among 16 and 30 age day.


RELATION WITH HUMAN

Society Papua often use the bird-of-paradise fur in clothes and ritual, and fur very popular in Europe of previous century as ornament for the woman of ' woman hat. Hunt the fur and habitat mutilation have lessened some threatened of species status of habitat , effect , deforestasi now is especial threat


Most famous member of gender Paradisaea, inclusive of type species, what Greater Bird-Of-Paradise, Paradisaea Apoda. This Species is description from spesimen re-brought to Europe from commerce expedition in the early sixteenth century. This Spesimen provided by a indigenous merchant by throwing away their foot/feet and wing so that they serve the purpose of decoration. This unknown by explorer, and information inexistence a lot of confidence awaken about them. They think just become the phoenix myth. What groundless often and winged condition of husk generate the belief that birds have never landed but remain to permanently high by their fur. First European finding their husk, Antonio Pigafetta, writing that they " People tell to us that birds come from heaven land, and they call the them of bolon diuata, telling, ' God birds ".Its good name origin " heaven bird" and specific name apoda - without foot/feet.


HUNTING

Hunt birds of parade have been happened for the time of old ones, possible since early human being settlement. This is a anomaly that among most often hunt-spesies, masculine start to marry the opportunistically even before they grow the their decorative fur. Is possible a adaptation maintain the population storey;level in face of hunt pressure, what possible attend during 30 thousands of year


Hunt the bird of paradise for their plume for the commerce of hat of woman ekstensif in final of century 19 and early century ke-20 , but today birds enjoy the protection punish and hunt is only permitted going concern storey;level to fulfill requirement of local tribe resident ceremony. In case of Pteridophora fur, pawing from llama of Bowerbird Bowers pushed.
Other example
Hemisphere of South of konstelasi Apus deputize the bird of paradise
A men of plumaged bird of paradise depicted at Flag of Papua Nugini. Various family member which profile by David Attenborough in Attenborough in heaven.


SEED AND ECOLOGY

A lot of Birds of Cendrawasih dimorfik very sexual with the men become bigger and much more bold female chromatic. This matter go into effect until 33 from 42 species. Exemption 5 species Manukodia, what Cendrawasih Crow, Inhalator of Cendrawasih and Long-Tailed and Short-Tailed Paradigalla. From the amount 9, 7 is monogamy 1 men by 1 couple woman or believed so. 35 species remained by all poliygamous with the men present the their fair fur to draw a number of female. After marrying woman develop;build the den and improve 1 or 2, sometime 3, young by xself. This polygamous 35 species, 22 have presented the solitarily men in a ' justice' he/she unlimber own. ' Justice' earn big enough and defended from other male. remained species, 12 ' lek' species, a ' lek' is whereabout a number of men gather with and all appearance as many as possible. Woman attend the lek and chosen to marry with the men. One species, Yellow-Breasted Cendrawasih not yet been known by the something not yet been perceived from make a date. Mostly men sing to ossify, musical otherwise in our ear, whereas presenting.
All species, as far as knew,is nesters alone. Den come in 3 [common/ public] type; on the surface of land;ground,stone closed over by the moss ( Laria'S Bird of Paradise); in crotch ( Manucodes, Parotias and others); in close entangle ( Ribbon-Tailed Astrapia, Victoria'S Toowa). Paradise Nestle is also happened in 3 form have; dome to den ( Crested Bird of Paradise); big cup of den at branch branch the ( Astrapia Sp.); Delayed by a den cup ( Manucodia Sp )
Mostly species lie down 1-2, sometime 3, egg. Young altricial ( meaning they borne without or a few/little fur and cannot stand up or walk, basically they at the end of one's rope) and fed by one or second parent until they become the adult



Incubation, is whereabout known, is [among/between] 14 and 26 day by halves big species take about 18-19 day. The of gentle hug period ( time from hatching for the fledging of) is [among/between] 17-30 day by 20-22 is day become the duration which most commonly. Hybridise of bird Heaven in free nature, possible more than other bird family and 21 cross differ noted as owning happened in wild nature. Hibridisasi seems limited to species polygamous.


STORY FROM FAIRYLAND

Sahibul of history Saga have in Book of Tajul Overacting, story a titled bird cenderawasih. As for its genesis begin from fairyland. According to most wise llama people tell the ianya come from heaven and adjacent always with all ritualist. Owning head like turning yellow golden. With four incomparable wing. Will looked to be very clear estimate winged full existence.Whoseever which see surely got stock and amazed will the beauty and very rare bird cenderawasih.Very absurdity people own the bird cenderawasih. This is because bird is not come from this earth. Public know this bird Cenderawasih is only owned by kinfolk of palace.Mostly of consanquinity of Malay palace have the bird cenderawasih. Majority all custodian met to tell he bring the super tuah.


suddenly expressed again in a few old Malay book, estimate the bird cenderawasih descend to earth surely will end its soul. In word of other;dissimilar bird cenderawasih will die to estimate the footprint to earth. queer but inscrutable again its, this bird cenderawasih do not vanish like other carcass. This because he told only eat the dew heaven as its food. Oppositely he [release] the smeel or fraganty which difficult to be told. dead bird Cenderawasih in all sort of circumstance. There dead in a state of flown, there dead in a state of rest and there dead in a state of sleep.Although however, Malay Antique have run the study nattyly to accept the reality as real correct as hitting this BIRD CENDERAWASIH. Following run science study, this bird more famous among resident archipelago with the call of Bird Cenderawasih. For circle of society China also, this bird called as Phoenix Bird which is a lot of related to circle of consanquinity of palace of Emperor China. For circle of resident Eropah, this bird more famous with the call ' Bird Of Paradise'.
In its fact, this bird genesis fail met or got till now. No evidence showing ianya come from this real nature. But one again fact which require to be accepted, bird cenderawasih descend to earth only GLORIOUS IRIAN ( Papua now), Just Indonesia. But queer but this one bird truth only descend just a during seven year. And he descend to die. Who meet one tuah. By that, most bird cenderawasih which you witness possible old age more than 10 year, 100 year. Majority have some generation what inherit this bird.
Have been expressed in book of Tajul of Overacting of that of bird cenderawasih have all sort of excess. From head to foot than in innards;bowels so that its fur have the benefit which mystery.Mostly used for the medicine of. But multitude hunting because ' tuahnya'. Bird Cenderawasih used as ' pelaris'. Good to pelaris of x'self or trading. Estimate the somebody own the only plumage cenderawasih even also have last for made as the demand. Following multitude one who met hence as pelaris express the, this plumage cenderawasih represent the biggest the demand. Only one who own which have a line on its excess this. Definitive but bird cenderawasih rather than calang-calang bird. Full of unique, mystery, inscrutable, tuah.


BIRD OF HEAVEN OF CHANCE HELL.

Cenderawasih Papua. Bird of Heaven have Chance " Hell"
THERE Glorious people Irian fable ( Papua ... At one time, Logohu, a bird cenderawasih sue the deity. He/She catty see the other;dissimilar bird beauty.
Logohu ask,x'self made a most beautiful bird
its fur. Deity even also surpriseded and say the: " Logohu, you twit.
You ought to be proud with your circumstance now. brown Bulumu
dark, saving you. See the other;dissimilar bird which its fur respect,
its life set eye on hunter.


Because Logohu non-stoped to insist on the deity. He/She wish the its body fur as beautiful as rainbow. Deity even also grant the ugly desire cenderawasih this aspect.
Split second later;then, Logohu turn into the furry bird respect the. Wife
Sorrowful Logohu exactly. " Don'T near children. Beauty your will
conduciving to danger for our family," he/she said Correctness also. Since then, bird cenderawasih become the hunter target
since epoch first, until today. " How much/many its population, we not yet
able to [count/calculate] the. In essence have reached the gristle dot. If
let to be non-stoped, that bird cenderawasih totally disappeared surely Glorious Irian ( Papua ).
Indonesia of bird Loss will be beautiful of
Beautiful fur this bird,is true target of hunter and bird thief.
Cause up this moment until now, still bergentayangan of bird merchant
Cenderawasih
BEAUTY fanciful this poultry fur, is true fish the fascination
some dull human being. sales of Bird cenderawasih, non toy
today just or yesterday. Since for centuries then, furry husk
this bird cenderawasih, have become the goods of merchant.
From some island Moluccas, especially Island Irian ( that moment still
separate berlum [among/between] Irja and Papua Niugini), this bird later;then
becoming commodity " export" to some port town trade Europe,
and Asian - inclusive of Chinese and Java.



This plumage, don't know when, have egregious as hat decoration.
just Taking example, high court Turki of century to-15, conference member
hence hat pendantedly fur cenderawasih. hat of patrician Woman Paris, for example, surely decorate the colourful fur this bird.
Cenderawasih xself, that moment unheard-of origin originaly.
Portugal, this bird named passaros de sole or sun bird.
In general, this bird referred avis paradiseus of alias of heaven bird
In Java version, that bird referre manuk deity. It is said epoch
power of Prince of Sabrang Lor from famous Demak dare to
fighting Portugis Malaka, people Demak have recognized the existence of
deity bird incubated heaven.This Bird news come from
Malay merchant which come home Moluccan. just, that bird
articulated to become the manuk deity, and also in demand bought the West merchant.
Merchant Portugis Malaka, bringing to come home the bird which very taken a fancy to
for the decorator of hat. that mysterious Merchanidise plumage,
named to go with the stream the sound of manuk deity also, till become the name Latin - manucodiata
Name that wooden ship epoch, non-stoped weared revisedly become the
manucodia. Finally there species of bird of cenderawasih of flash cape
Latin so called Manucodia Atra, Manucodia Chalybatus ( green cendrawasih ) and M jobiensis ( jobi cendrawasih ) and M kerandrenii alias
cenderawasih trumpet When entry of cenderawasih to Europe, estimated have since
hundreds of last year. When Antonio Pigafetta from Venesia, return to
Sevilla from its sea transport goodwill travel around the world with Magelhan,
year 1522, he bring the husk cenderawasih yellow as present
from King Bacan Moluccas, for the king of Spanyol
One of that bird, delivered this King Spanyol to Bishop
Villadolid Roma, for the substance of erudite study. Poultry expert Italian
that moment,really surpriseded and moved emotionally to see that bird. Cause their aspiration granted, see with the eyeball xself, bird
their llama consider to be the sylphe or of a kind air.


.
All bird cenderawasih which arrive at the Europe, in the form of furry husk
what conserved with the fumigation. Also all that bird opsetan, do not
owning foot/feet. furry Bird story respect without this foot/feet, becoming
gossips following sound of click marvel the that moment Europe nation. Though Antonio Pigafetta tell, that bird frankly own a couple of foot/feet,
as long as adult boy hand. But bird merchant, remain to
bird story without foot/feet from fairyland, as flavour pemahal
its merchandise beautiful Fur legend bird origin without foot/feet of East origin, finally
getting name cool for the shake of commerce. Jan of Van Linschoten about
year 1598, naming this lovely furry poultry, fairyland bird. " Do not
there which see this bird lifes. this Poultry cause live
fresh air,flying sunshine. Bird only to land
if death, because them do not have the wing and foot/feet

is true that moment, bird cenderawasih become the bird semi-mitologi.
He/She said, this animal sky only air and flown to be non-stoped.
They have never descended upon the tree, and surely land;ground. If death,
new fall to earth. They only peck the cold dew and smooth cloud,
as that food. this Fairyland bird even also, live the pairly with
its couple die. If they dish something out, yes on the air. If
laying eggs, the female place the above masculine bird back,
at the same time brood on its egg back of the husband. If fatigue, they
resting by hook its tail to branch or wood stick,
last sleeped to hinge kinds of bat
Man of science at that time, only shirivel eyebrow confuse the, answering to circulating of it story exclaim that. They will argue the news natural existence do not this,
but collided a evidence. That man of science will expostulate, but substance its expostulation less be pukka.while fur and husk of fairyland bird.
that, remain to be special commodity for the headdress of woman
Europe. Hence do not be bizzare if Carol Linnaeus, expert of origin taxonomy
Swedia, giving Latin name: Paradisaea Apoda, alias of bird paradis
without foot/feet, even this man of science assure that bird surely there its foot/feet


Its profit, in the year 1824, a commisioned crew man as
drug expert, Rene Lesson, knowing if that fairyland bird habitat
its origin from Papua. Lesson estimated as a foreign
first world, becoming eyewitness live the problem of fairyland bird which is
the seeing of lifes, gallivanting about Moluccas and Papua. From its report, some years later;then, fairyland bird
confessed to have the normal foot/feet. Oppositely;Also that bird, mentioned over and over, owning
a couple of strong foot/feet and sharp nail, as bird organ
furry respect without rival

finding of West Researcher with the this bird cenderawasih, more and more clear
since report of Sir Alfred Russel Wallace year 1869, Archipelago Aru.
Wallace write like this: " that Masculine bird dance with joy from stick
to stick, at the same time demonstrate the its beautiful plume vibration.a
tree, seen to flog the masculine bird each other bring suit to exhibit, before
some female tail cenderawasih ... beauty amorous dance
cenderawasih, exceeding the beauty exhibition fan the gold even if
Research Wallace more and more complete, because C Beccari in its expedition
to Papua year 1878, also witness the wild life a flock
bird cenderawasih one of forest over there. " Way of this bird
captivating its female, unique really ... a lot of facet of[is other;dissimilar life
this bird, unique very and cannot be competed with the other poultry
world

SINCE this bird cenderawasih secret recognized wide, fur marketing
that bird oppositely;also more and more the madness. cause of Bird cenderawasih more and more a lot of
ferreted out, ensnared, shot or arrow. That plumage remain to
becoming target, because more and moreing used for headdress
human being.Early Germany colonization New Guinea / Papua, during five year
just just, noted about 50.000 bird cenderawasih exported to become the
merchandise for the decorator of hat
Though make the Glorious aborigines Irian ( Papua ), fur cenderawasih
since for centuries,is true used as a decorator lead people
there. Become, this bird have so much llama,is true destined to become the hunting murdered just to just furry husk. Until before first bill century XX, bird cenderawasih become the wanted people. Tens of company with the its job network, to compete killing as many as possible bird cenderawasih. fever Cenderawasih, may be spelled out members have time to compete with goldrush

If aborigines Papua kill that bird with the or trap
traditional arrow, frankly do not too bothering bird population
cenderawasih over there. But entry of big company with the weapon
modern trap and fire, they to trace and massacre that bird
as delicious as and as much as possible. Besides to trace of forest Papua,
they also have expedition to forest vinicity island. That occurence,
frankly early red light for safety and bird continuity
cenderawasih which merely live about there. Governmental
Dutch in Indonesia, since year 1930, goning into effect also interdict
hunting and to sell of bird cenderawasih
CENDERAWASIH from subfamili Paradisaeinae, so far estimated
there about 42 type ( 26 species Irja and Papua Niugini, the rest
gone the round of Archipelago of Moluccas and Australian). Fairish body [among/between]
17 until 120 centimetre. Generally this bird eat the fruit in forest,
and also insect. masculine bird Cenderawasih own the fur much more
beautiful, compared to its female
Most of all this plumage, allusion own the fur formation as smooth as
silk, as bland as velvet, and as beautiful as sateen doily. Its colour start
or red pitchy gleamedly kinds of metallic metal. Colour
turn yellow the gold, green, orange, blue black, cinnamon cacao, or
turn white the silvery, more and more the famous of beauty his bird.


In season marry, in moment of dew and morning sun still be bland
its ray, or before dusk during ray there still dark
before decreasing to turn tail the night, masculine bird always vie with the
dance of wag wing, strightened fur, and also acrobatic motion which
very respect the
style And this masculine bird swank, representing a effort captivate
its choice. Also to show its excess, compared to
other rival male. Which enthrall, immediately married the
masculine. Amorous fruit this poultry couple, generally yield egg
den which is the in form of cup ( there other species have a nest the above
land;ground), in between stick of near by high tree sprout. here egg
that brooded on incubate the child cenderawasih
So about cycle live the cenderawasih. Difficult very. Irja ( Papua ),
bird cenderawasih one of the 41 poultry type protected.
" From altogether, cenderawasih represent the hardest bird
observed, because set eye on a hunter, good live or die. Laminated so mount the consevation, until President even also have to descend the hand
Observe the story, circumstance and reality, bird cenderawasih Papua
since long time is true have out of luck its chance. Even its name, heaven bird,
in reality of bird chance really ... hell.